|
The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a cost–benefit evaluation framework proposed in 1974 by Dr. Lawrence W. Green, that can help health program planners, policy makers, and other evaluators analyze situations and design health programs efficiently.〔Green, L.W. (1974). Toward cost–benefit evaluations of health education: some concepts, methods, and examples. ''Health Education Monographs'' 2 (Suppl. 2): 34–64.〕 It provides a comprehensive structure for assessing health and quality of life needs, and for designing, implementing, and evaluating health promotion and other public health programs to meet those needs.〔Green, L., Kreuter, M. (2005). ''Health program planning: An educational and ecological approach''. 4th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill〕〔Gielen, A.C., McDonald, E.M., Gary, T.L., and Bone, L.R. (2008). Using the PRECEDE/PROCEED Model to Apply Health Behavior Theories. In K. Glanz, F.M. B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath, (Eds.), ''Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice''. 4th edition, pp. 407–433. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass〕〔Freire, K., and Runyan, C.W. (2006). Planning Models: PRECEDE-PROCEED and Haddon Matrix. In AC Gielen, DA Sleet, and RJ DiClemente (Eds.) ''Injury and Violence Prevention: Behavioral Science Theories, Methods, and Applications''. 1st edition, pp. 127–158. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass〕 One purpose and guiding principle of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model is to direct initial attention to outcomes, rather than inputs. It guides planners through a process that starts with desired outcomes and then works backwards in the causal chain to identify a mix of strategies for achieving those objectives.〔Glanz, K. and Rimer, B. (2005). ''Theory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion Practice'', 2nd Edition. Publication Number: T052. NIH Number: 05-3896. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute. Accessed on June 26, 2011 at ()〕 A fundamental assumption of the model is the active participation of its intended audience – that is, that the participants ("consumers") will take an active part in defining their own problems, establishing their goals, and developing their solutions.〔 In this framework, health behavior is regarded as being influenced by both individual and environmental factors, and hence has two distinct parts. First is an "educational diagnosis" – ''PRECEDE'', an acronym for Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation. Second is an "ecological diagnosis" – ''PROCEED'', for Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development.〔〔〔 The model is multidimensional and is founded in the social/behavioral sciences, epidemiology, administration, and education. The systematic use of the framework in a series of clinical and field trials confirmed the utility and predictive validity of the model as a planning tool (e.g. Green, Levine, & Deeds).〔Green, L.W., Levine, D.M. and Deeds, S.G. (1975). Clinical trials of health education for hypertensive outpatients: design and baseline data. ''Preventive Medicine'' 4(4): 417–25〕 == Brief history and purpose of the model == The PRECEDE framework was first developed and introduced in the 1970s by Green and colleagues.〔〔〔〔〔Green, L.W., Kreuter, M.W., Deeds, S.G., Partridge, K.B. (1980). ''Health Education Planning: A Diagnostic Approach''. Mountain View, California: Mayfield〕 PRECEDE is based on the premise that, just as a medical diagnosis precedes a treatment plan, an educational diagnosis of the problem is very essential before developing and implementing the intervention plan.〔〔〔 Predisposing factors include knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, personal preferences, existing skills, and self-efficacy towards the desired behavior change. Reinforcing factors include factors that reward or reinforce the desired behavior change, including social support, economic rewards, and changing social norms. Enabling factors are skills or physical factors such as availability and accessibility of resources, or services that facilitate achievement of motivation to change behavior.〔〔〔〔Ransdell, L.B. (2001). Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model to Increase Productivity in Health Education Faculty. ''The International Electronic Journal of Health Education'', 4: 276–282〕 The model has led to more than 1000 published studies, applications and commentaries on the model in the professional and scientific literature. In the early 1990s the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, US Department of Health and Human Services) gave additional national prominence to the PRECEDE model. Dr. Marshall Kreuter, Director of the Division of Chronic Disease Control and Community Intervention and his staff adapted and incorporated PRECEDE within a model planning process offered with federal technical assistance to state and local health departments for work with their coalitions to plan and evaluate health promotion programs. The CDC model was called ''PATCH'', for Planned Approach to Community Health. The relevance of this initiative to the application of PRECEDE, and the inspiration for some of the extensions of the (PATCH) model to incorporate PROCEED dimensions was detailed in a special issue of the Journal of Health Education in 1992.〔Green, L.W., Kreuter, M.W. (1992). CDC's Planned Approach to Community Health as an application of PRECEDE and an inspiration for PROCEED. Journal of Health Education 23(3): 140–147〕 In 1991, "PROCEED" was added to the framework in consideration of the growing recognition of the expansion of health education to encompass policy, regulatory and related ecological/environmental factors in determining health and health behaviors.〔〔〔〔Green, L., Kreuter, M. (1991). ''Health promotion planning: An educational and environmental approach''. 2nd edition. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company〕 As health-related behaviors such as smoking and alcohol abuse increased or became more resistant to change, so did the recognition that these behaviors are influenced by factors such as the media, politics, and businesses, which are outside the direct control of the individuals. Hence more "ecological" methods were needed to identify and influence these environmental and social determinants of health behaviors. With the emergence and rapid growth in the field of genetics, the PRECEDE-PROCEED model was also revised also in 2005 to include and address the growing knowledge in this field.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「PRECEDE-PROCEED model」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|